What is the latency WITHIN a data center? I ask this assuming there are orders of magnitude of difference












3















I am trying to figure out something that I just cannot find a good answer to.



If I have say a REDIS cache (or some external in-memory cache) sitting in a data center, and an application server sitting in the same data center, what will be the speed of the network connection (latency, throughput) for reading data between these two machines?



Will the network "speed", for example, be still at least an order of magnitude higher than the speed of the RAM that is seeking my data out of the cache on REDIS?



My ultimate question is -- is having this all sitting in memory on REDIS actually providing any utility? Contrasted with if REDIS was caching this all to an SSD instead? Memory is expensive. If the network is indeed not a bottleneck WITHIN the data center, then the memory has value. Otherwise, it does not.



I guess my general question is despite the vast unknowns in data centers and the inability to generalize as well as the variances, are we talking sufficient orders of magnitude between memory latency in a computer system and even the best networks internal to a DC that the memory's reduced latencies don't provide a significant performance improvement? I get that that there are many variables, but how close is it? Is it so close that these variables do matter? For example, take take a hyperbolic stance on it, a tape drive is WAY slower than network, so tape is not ideal for a cache.










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    3















    I am trying to figure out something that I just cannot find a good answer to.



    If I have say a REDIS cache (or some external in-memory cache) sitting in a data center, and an application server sitting in the same data center, what will be the speed of the network connection (latency, throughput) for reading data between these two machines?



    Will the network "speed", for example, be still at least an order of magnitude higher than the speed of the RAM that is seeking my data out of the cache on REDIS?



    My ultimate question is -- is having this all sitting in memory on REDIS actually providing any utility? Contrasted with if REDIS was caching this all to an SSD instead? Memory is expensive. If the network is indeed not a bottleneck WITHIN the data center, then the memory has value. Otherwise, it does not.



    I guess my general question is despite the vast unknowns in data centers and the inability to generalize as well as the variances, are we talking sufficient orders of magnitude between memory latency in a computer system and even the best networks internal to a DC that the memory's reduced latencies don't provide a significant performance improvement? I get that that there are many variables, but how close is it? Is it so close that these variables do matter? For example, take take a hyperbolic stance on it, a tape drive is WAY slower than network, so tape is not ideal for a cache.










    share|improve this question







    New contributor




    Neeraj Murarka is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
    Check out our Code of Conduct.























      3












      3








      3








      I am trying to figure out something that I just cannot find a good answer to.



      If I have say a REDIS cache (or some external in-memory cache) sitting in a data center, and an application server sitting in the same data center, what will be the speed of the network connection (latency, throughput) for reading data between these two machines?



      Will the network "speed", for example, be still at least an order of magnitude higher than the speed of the RAM that is seeking my data out of the cache on REDIS?



      My ultimate question is -- is having this all sitting in memory on REDIS actually providing any utility? Contrasted with if REDIS was caching this all to an SSD instead? Memory is expensive. If the network is indeed not a bottleneck WITHIN the data center, then the memory has value. Otherwise, it does not.



      I guess my general question is despite the vast unknowns in data centers and the inability to generalize as well as the variances, are we talking sufficient orders of magnitude between memory latency in a computer system and even the best networks internal to a DC that the memory's reduced latencies don't provide a significant performance improvement? I get that that there are many variables, but how close is it? Is it so close that these variables do matter? For example, take take a hyperbolic stance on it, a tape drive is WAY slower than network, so tape is not ideal for a cache.










      share|improve this question







      New contributor




      Neeraj Murarka is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
      Check out our Code of Conduct.












      I am trying to figure out something that I just cannot find a good answer to.



      If I have say a REDIS cache (or some external in-memory cache) sitting in a data center, and an application server sitting in the same data center, what will be the speed of the network connection (latency, throughput) for reading data between these two machines?



      Will the network "speed", for example, be still at least an order of magnitude higher than the speed of the RAM that is seeking my data out of the cache on REDIS?



      My ultimate question is -- is having this all sitting in memory on REDIS actually providing any utility? Contrasted with if REDIS was caching this all to an SSD instead? Memory is expensive. If the network is indeed not a bottleneck WITHIN the data center, then the memory has value. Otherwise, it does not.



      I guess my general question is despite the vast unknowns in data centers and the inability to generalize as well as the variances, are we talking sufficient orders of magnitude between memory latency in a computer system and even the best networks internal to a DC that the memory's reduced latencies don't provide a significant performance improvement? I get that that there are many variables, but how close is it? Is it so close that these variables do matter? For example, take take a hyperbolic stance on it, a tape drive is WAY slower than network, so tape is not ideal for a cache.







      cache






      share|improve this question







      New contributor




      Neeraj Murarka is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
      Check out our Code of Conduct.











      share|improve this question







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      Neeraj Murarka is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
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      share|improve this question




      share|improve this question






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      asked 4 hours ago









      Neeraj MurarkaNeeraj Murarka

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      163




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      New contributor





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          1 Answer
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          active

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          4














          There are several versions of the "latency charts everyone should know" such as:




          • https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~rcs/research/interactive_latency.html

          • https://gist.github.com/jboner/2841832

          • https://computers-are-fast.github.io/


          The thing is, in reality, there is more than just latency. It's a combination of factors.



          So, what's the network latency within a data center? Latency, well I would say it's "always" below 1ms. Is it faster than RAM? No. Is it close to RAM? I don't think so.



          But the question remains, is it relevant. Is that the datum you need to know? Your question make sense to me. As everything has a cost, should you get more RAM so that all the data can stay in RAM or it's ok to read from disk from time to time.



          Your "assumption" is that if the network latency is higher (slower) than the speed of the SSD, you won't be gaining by having all the data in RAM as you will have the slow on the network.



          And it would appear so. But, you also have to take into account concurrency. If you receive 1,000 requests for the data at once, can the disk do 1,000 concurrent requests? Of course not, so how long will it take to serve up those 1,000 requests? Compared to RAM?



          It's hard to boil it down to a single factor such as heavy loads. But yes, if you had a single operation going, the latency of the network is such that you would probably not notice the difference of SSD vs RAM.



          Just like until 12Gbps disk showed up on the market, a 10Gbps network link would not be overloaded by a single stream as the disk were the bottleneck.



          But remember that your disk is doing many other things, your process isn't the only process on the machine, your network may carry different things, etc.



          Also, not all disk activity mean network traffic. The database query coming from an application to the database server is only very minimal network traffic. The response from the database server may be very small (a single number) or very large (thousand of rows with multiple fields). To perform the operation, a server (database server or not) may need to do multiple disk seeks, reads and writes yet only send a very small bit back over the network. It's definitely not one-for-one network-disk-RAM.





          So far I avoided some details of your question - specifically, the Redis part.




          Redis is an open source (BSD licensed), in-memory data structure store, used as a database, cache and message broker. - https://redis.io/




          OK, so that means everything is in memory. Sorry, this fast SSD drive won't help you here. Redis can persist data to disk, so it can be loaded into RAM after a restart. That's only to not "lose" data or have to repopulate a cold cache after a restart. So in this case, you'll have to use the RAM, no matter what. You'll have to have enough RAM to contain your data set. Not enough RAM and I guess your OS will use swap - probably not a good idea.






          share|improve this answer


























          • Thanks. This is indeed useful. There are indeed many contextual variances here that have a bearing on this. If we ignore heavy loads for a moment, it seems from your answer that indeed, network latency is the bottleneck, so the additional latency of SSD vs RAM is just not significant enough to matter. But now, if we take into account heavy loads, that SSD's latency differences relative to the RAM start to get compounded, and now, the RAM will shine. Is this what it comes down to then?

            – Neeraj Murarka
            2 hours ago











          • It's hard to boil it down to a single factor of heavy loads. But yes, if you had a single operation going, the latency of the network is such that you would probably not notice the difference of SSD vs RAM. Just like until 12Gbps disk showed up on the market, a 10Gbps network link would not be overloaded by a single stream as the disk were the bottleneck. But remember that your disk is doing many other things, your process isn't the only process on the machine, etc.

            – ETL
            2 hours ago













          Your Answer








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          1 Answer
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          1 Answer
          1






          active

          oldest

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          active

          oldest

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          active

          oldest

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          4














          There are several versions of the "latency charts everyone should know" such as:




          • https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~rcs/research/interactive_latency.html

          • https://gist.github.com/jboner/2841832

          • https://computers-are-fast.github.io/


          The thing is, in reality, there is more than just latency. It's a combination of factors.



          So, what's the network latency within a data center? Latency, well I would say it's "always" below 1ms. Is it faster than RAM? No. Is it close to RAM? I don't think so.



          But the question remains, is it relevant. Is that the datum you need to know? Your question make sense to me. As everything has a cost, should you get more RAM so that all the data can stay in RAM or it's ok to read from disk from time to time.



          Your "assumption" is that if the network latency is higher (slower) than the speed of the SSD, you won't be gaining by having all the data in RAM as you will have the slow on the network.



          And it would appear so. But, you also have to take into account concurrency. If you receive 1,000 requests for the data at once, can the disk do 1,000 concurrent requests? Of course not, so how long will it take to serve up those 1,000 requests? Compared to RAM?



          It's hard to boil it down to a single factor such as heavy loads. But yes, if you had a single operation going, the latency of the network is such that you would probably not notice the difference of SSD vs RAM.



          Just like until 12Gbps disk showed up on the market, a 10Gbps network link would not be overloaded by a single stream as the disk were the bottleneck.



          But remember that your disk is doing many other things, your process isn't the only process on the machine, your network may carry different things, etc.



          Also, not all disk activity mean network traffic. The database query coming from an application to the database server is only very minimal network traffic. The response from the database server may be very small (a single number) or very large (thousand of rows with multiple fields). To perform the operation, a server (database server or not) may need to do multiple disk seeks, reads and writes yet only send a very small bit back over the network. It's definitely not one-for-one network-disk-RAM.





          So far I avoided some details of your question - specifically, the Redis part.




          Redis is an open source (BSD licensed), in-memory data structure store, used as a database, cache and message broker. - https://redis.io/




          OK, so that means everything is in memory. Sorry, this fast SSD drive won't help you here. Redis can persist data to disk, so it can be loaded into RAM after a restart. That's only to not "lose" data or have to repopulate a cold cache after a restart. So in this case, you'll have to use the RAM, no matter what. You'll have to have enough RAM to contain your data set. Not enough RAM and I guess your OS will use swap - probably not a good idea.






          share|improve this answer


























          • Thanks. This is indeed useful. There are indeed many contextual variances here that have a bearing on this. If we ignore heavy loads for a moment, it seems from your answer that indeed, network latency is the bottleneck, so the additional latency of SSD vs RAM is just not significant enough to matter. But now, if we take into account heavy loads, that SSD's latency differences relative to the RAM start to get compounded, and now, the RAM will shine. Is this what it comes down to then?

            – Neeraj Murarka
            2 hours ago











          • It's hard to boil it down to a single factor of heavy loads. But yes, if you had a single operation going, the latency of the network is such that you would probably not notice the difference of SSD vs RAM. Just like until 12Gbps disk showed up on the market, a 10Gbps network link would not be overloaded by a single stream as the disk were the bottleneck. But remember that your disk is doing many other things, your process isn't the only process on the machine, etc.

            – ETL
            2 hours ago


















          4














          There are several versions of the "latency charts everyone should know" such as:




          • https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~rcs/research/interactive_latency.html

          • https://gist.github.com/jboner/2841832

          • https://computers-are-fast.github.io/


          The thing is, in reality, there is more than just latency. It's a combination of factors.



          So, what's the network latency within a data center? Latency, well I would say it's "always" below 1ms. Is it faster than RAM? No. Is it close to RAM? I don't think so.



          But the question remains, is it relevant. Is that the datum you need to know? Your question make sense to me. As everything has a cost, should you get more RAM so that all the data can stay in RAM or it's ok to read from disk from time to time.



          Your "assumption" is that if the network latency is higher (slower) than the speed of the SSD, you won't be gaining by having all the data in RAM as you will have the slow on the network.



          And it would appear so. But, you also have to take into account concurrency. If you receive 1,000 requests for the data at once, can the disk do 1,000 concurrent requests? Of course not, so how long will it take to serve up those 1,000 requests? Compared to RAM?



          It's hard to boil it down to a single factor such as heavy loads. But yes, if you had a single operation going, the latency of the network is such that you would probably not notice the difference of SSD vs RAM.



          Just like until 12Gbps disk showed up on the market, a 10Gbps network link would not be overloaded by a single stream as the disk were the bottleneck.



          But remember that your disk is doing many other things, your process isn't the only process on the machine, your network may carry different things, etc.



          Also, not all disk activity mean network traffic. The database query coming from an application to the database server is only very minimal network traffic. The response from the database server may be very small (a single number) or very large (thousand of rows with multiple fields). To perform the operation, a server (database server or not) may need to do multiple disk seeks, reads and writes yet only send a very small bit back over the network. It's definitely not one-for-one network-disk-RAM.





          So far I avoided some details of your question - specifically, the Redis part.




          Redis is an open source (BSD licensed), in-memory data structure store, used as a database, cache and message broker. - https://redis.io/




          OK, so that means everything is in memory. Sorry, this fast SSD drive won't help you here. Redis can persist data to disk, so it can be loaded into RAM after a restart. That's only to not "lose" data or have to repopulate a cold cache after a restart. So in this case, you'll have to use the RAM, no matter what. You'll have to have enough RAM to contain your data set. Not enough RAM and I guess your OS will use swap - probably not a good idea.






          share|improve this answer


























          • Thanks. This is indeed useful. There are indeed many contextual variances here that have a bearing on this. If we ignore heavy loads for a moment, it seems from your answer that indeed, network latency is the bottleneck, so the additional latency of SSD vs RAM is just not significant enough to matter. But now, if we take into account heavy loads, that SSD's latency differences relative to the RAM start to get compounded, and now, the RAM will shine. Is this what it comes down to then?

            – Neeraj Murarka
            2 hours ago











          • It's hard to boil it down to a single factor of heavy loads. But yes, if you had a single operation going, the latency of the network is such that you would probably not notice the difference of SSD vs RAM. Just like until 12Gbps disk showed up on the market, a 10Gbps network link would not be overloaded by a single stream as the disk were the bottleneck. But remember that your disk is doing many other things, your process isn't the only process on the machine, etc.

            – ETL
            2 hours ago
















          4












          4








          4







          There are several versions of the "latency charts everyone should know" such as:




          • https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~rcs/research/interactive_latency.html

          • https://gist.github.com/jboner/2841832

          • https://computers-are-fast.github.io/


          The thing is, in reality, there is more than just latency. It's a combination of factors.



          So, what's the network latency within a data center? Latency, well I would say it's "always" below 1ms. Is it faster than RAM? No. Is it close to RAM? I don't think so.



          But the question remains, is it relevant. Is that the datum you need to know? Your question make sense to me. As everything has a cost, should you get more RAM so that all the data can stay in RAM or it's ok to read from disk from time to time.



          Your "assumption" is that if the network latency is higher (slower) than the speed of the SSD, you won't be gaining by having all the data in RAM as you will have the slow on the network.



          And it would appear so. But, you also have to take into account concurrency. If you receive 1,000 requests for the data at once, can the disk do 1,000 concurrent requests? Of course not, so how long will it take to serve up those 1,000 requests? Compared to RAM?



          It's hard to boil it down to a single factor such as heavy loads. But yes, if you had a single operation going, the latency of the network is such that you would probably not notice the difference of SSD vs RAM.



          Just like until 12Gbps disk showed up on the market, a 10Gbps network link would not be overloaded by a single stream as the disk were the bottleneck.



          But remember that your disk is doing many other things, your process isn't the only process on the machine, your network may carry different things, etc.



          Also, not all disk activity mean network traffic. The database query coming from an application to the database server is only very minimal network traffic. The response from the database server may be very small (a single number) or very large (thousand of rows with multiple fields). To perform the operation, a server (database server or not) may need to do multiple disk seeks, reads and writes yet only send a very small bit back over the network. It's definitely not one-for-one network-disk-RAM.





          So far I avoided some details of your question - specifically, the Redis part.




          Redis is an open source (BSD licensed), in-memory data structure store, used as a database, cache and message broker. - https://redis.io/




          OK, so that means everything is in memory. Sorry, this fast SSD drive won't help you here. Redis can persist data to disk, so it can be loaded into RAM after a restart. That's only to not "lose" data or have to repopulate a cold cache after a restart. So in this case, you'll have to use the RAM, no matter what. You'll have to have enough RAM to contain your data set. Not enough RAM and I guess your OS will use swap - probably not a good idea.






          share|improve this answer















          There are several versions of the "latency charts everyone should know" such as:




          • https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~rcs/research/interactive_latency.html

          • https://gist.github.com/jboner/2841832

          • https://computers-are-fast.github.io/


          The thing is, in reality, there is more than just latency. It's a combination of factors.



          So, what's the network latency within a data center? Latency, well I would say it's "always" below 1ms. Is it faster than RAM? No. Is it close to RAM? I don't think so.



          But the question remains, is it relevant. Is that the datum you need to know? Your question make sense to me. As everything has a cost, should you get more RAM so that all the data can stay in RAM or it's ok to read from disk from time to time.



          Your "assumption" is that if the network latency is higher (slower) than the speed of the SSD, you won't be gaining by having all the data in RAM as you will have the slow on the network.



          And it would appear so. But, you also have to take into account concurrency. If you receive 1,000 requests for the data at once, can the disk do 1,000 concurrent requests? Of course not, so how long will it take to serve up those 1,000 requests? Compared to RAM?



          It's hard to boil it down to a single factor such as heavy loads. But yes, if you had a single operation going, the latency of the network is such that you would probably not notice the difference of SSD vs RAM.



          Just like until 12Gbps disk showed up on the market, a 10Gbps network link would not be overloaded by a single stream as the disk were the bottleneck.



          But remember that your disk is doing many other things, your process isn't the only process on the machine, your network may carry different things, etc.



          Also, not all disk activity mean network traffic. The database query coming from an application to the database server is only very minimal network traffic. The response from the database server may be very small (a single number) or very large (thousand of rows with multiple fields). To perform the operation, a server (database server or not) may need to do multiple disk seeks, reads and writes yet only send a very small bit back over the network. It's definitely not one-for-one network-disk-RAM.





          So far I avoided some details of your question - specifically, the Redis part.




          Redis is an open source (BSD licensed), in-memory data structure store, used as a database, cache and message broker. - https://redis.io/




          OK, so that means everything is in memory. Sorry, this fast SSD drive won't help you here. Redis can persist data to disk, so it can be loaded into RAM after a restart. That's only to not "lose" data or have to repopulate a cold cache after a restart. So in this case, you'll have to use the RAM, no matter what. You'll have to have enough RAM to contain your data set. Not enough RAM and I guess your OS will use swap - probably not a good idea.







          share|improve this answer














          share|improve this answer



          share|improve this answer








          edited 44 mins ago

























          answered 3 hours ago









          ETLETL

          5,15711843




          5,15711843













          • Thanks. This is indeed useful. There are indeed many contextual variances here that have a bearing on this. If we ignore heavy loads for a moment, it seems from your answer that indeed, network latency is the bottleneck, so the additional latency of SSD vs RAM is just not significant enough to matter. But now, if we take into account heavy loads, that SSD's latency differences relative to the RAM start to get compounded, and now, the RAM will shine. Is this what it comes down to then?

            – Neeraj Murarka
            2 hours ago











          • It's hard to boil it down to a single factor of heavy loads. But yes, if you had a single operation going, the latency of the network is such that you would probably not notice the difference of SSD vs RAM. Just like until 12Gbps disk showed up on the market, a 10Gbps network link would not be overloaded by a single stream as the disk were the bottleneck. But remember that your disk is doing many other things, your process isn't the only process on the machine, etc.

            – ETL
            2 hours ago





















          • Thanks. This is indeed useful. There are indeed many contextual variances here that have a bearing on this. If we ignore heavy loads for a moment, it seems from your answer that indeed, network latency is the bottleneck, so the additional latency of SSD vs RAM is just not significant enough to matter. But now, if we take into account heavy loads, that SSD's latency differences relative to the RAM start to get compounded, and now, the RAM will shine. Is this what it comes down to then?

            – Neeraj Murarka
            2 hours ago











          • It's hard to boil it down to a single factor of heavy loads. But yes, if you had a single operation going, the latency of the network is such that you would probably not notice the difference of SSD vs RAM. Just like until 12Gbps disk showed up on the market, a 10Gbps network link would not be overloaded by a single stream as the disk were the bottleneck. But remember that your disk is doing many other things, your process isn't the only process on the machine, etc.

            – ETL
            2 hours ago



















          Thanks. This is indeed useful. There are indeed many contextual variances here that have a bearing on this. If we ignore heavy loads for a moment, it seems from your answer that indeed, network latency is the bottleneck, so the additional latency of SSD vs RAM is just not significant enough to matter. But now, if we take into account heavy loads, that SSD's latency differences relative to the RAM start to get compounded, and now, the RAM will shine. Is this what it comes down to then?

          – Neeraj Murarka
          2 hours ago





          Thanks. This is indeed useful. There are indeed many contextual variances here that have a bearing on this. If we ignore heavy loads for a moment, it seems from your answer that indeed, network latency is the bottleneck, so the additional latency of SSD vs RAM is just not significant enough to matter. But now, if we take into account heavy loads, that SSD's latency differences relative to the RAM start to get compounded, and now, the RAM will shine. Is this what it comes down to then?

          – Neeraj Murarka
          2 hours ago













          It's hard to boil it down to a single factor of heavy loads. But yes, if you had a single operation going, the latency of the network is such that you would probably not notice the difference of SSD vs RAM. Just like until 12Gbps disk showed up on the market, a 10Gbps network link would not be overloaded by a single stream as the disk were the bottleneck. But remember that your disk is doing many other things, your process isn't the only process on the machine, etc.

          – ETL
          2 hours ago







          It's hard to boil it down to a single factor of heavy loads. But yes, if you had a single operation going, the latency of the network is such that you would probably not notice the difference of SSD vs RAM. Just like until 12Gbps disk showed up on the market, a 10Gbps network link would not be overloaded by a single stream as the disk were the bottleneck. But remember that your disk is doing many other things, your process isn't the only process on the machine, etc.

          – ETL
          2 hours ago












          Neeraj Murarka is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.










          draft saved

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